

TH 7476 
. U6 
1895 
Copy 1 































































































































































































































































W armth for Winter H omes, 


WITH ILLUSTRATIONS 
OF SOME BUILDINGS WARMED BY THE 


CAPITOL 

HOT WATER HEATER. 



United States Heater Company. 

fr 


FACTORY AND HOHE OFFICE, DETROIT, HICH. 

CHICAGO—39 Dearborn Street. 

NEW YORK—no Beekraan Street. 
BOSTON—106 High Street. 



189 *. 







WM. GRAHAM PRINTING CO 
DETROIT- 
















Ibot Water Ifoeating. 


“Now is the winter of our discontent 
made glorious summer 

HHH 


A FTER the roof and four walls which form 
a dwelling, and the three meals a day 
which should make glad the hearts of 
those within it, the next point of importance is 
the provision for warming the building during 
the six or seven months of the year in which 
artificial heat is needed in our climate. 

Until lately the heating apparatus was the 
last thing considered in planning a house. Any 
place would do for the heater to stand, and 
almost noplace at all for the radiators or registers. 
Now all this is changed, and from the inception 
of the building the best disposition of the several 
parts of the heating plant is a subject of solici¬ 
tude to the intelligent owner and architect. The 
chimney flue must be of the proper size, height 
and location; walls and basement must afford 
space for pipes, air-ducts and indirect radiators, 
and in the rooms place must be made for regis¬ 
ters and radiators of such size and so situated 
that they shall do their work with the best effect. 























T HERE are three principal methods of warm¬ 
ing an entire building with a single appara¬ 
tus : hot water, steam and the hot air furnace. 
The furnace being the cheapest retains its vogue 
where first cost is the chief consideration, but it 
has many grave 
faults. In severe 
weather, when 
heat is most 
wanted, the fur¬ 
nace can hardly 
be made to satis¬ 
factorily warm a 
house. This is 
notably the case 
in times of high 
winds, when 
rooms on the ex¬ 
posed sides of a 
building are apt 
to be uncomfort¬ 
able. Furnace heat is hard to regulate and is 
likely to alternate cold with excessively hot 


Residence of J. F. Franzen* 
St. Paul, Minn. 



Residence of Col. J. B. Hill, Raleigh, N. C. 


blasts, productive of discomfort, colds and head¬ 
aches. 


6 









Dust often comes from the registers, and 
unless the furnace is new and especially well con¬ 
structed, the gases from burning coal will some¬ 
times escape into the rooms. The furnace 
requires much care and is wasteful of fuel. Con¬ 
sequently it is no longer used in the better class 
of buildings. Nobody nowadays builds a fine 
house at a cost of several thousand dollars and 
then, to save a few hundred, forfeits the comfort, 
convenience, healthfulness and ultimate econ¬ 
omy of modern heating appliances. 


H OUSES are warmed with steam by a heater 
in the cellar or basement, connected by 
pipes with radiators placed directly in the 
rooms, or else below them, with air ducts lead¬ 
ing to registers in floor or wall. 

As the steam in the radiators gives off its heat 

it condenses, 
and in the 
form of water 
returns to the 
boiler, its 
place being 
supplied by 
more steam, 
forced into 
the radiators 
by the pres¬ 
sure at the 
boiler. The 
water of con¬ 
densation on 
reaching the 
boiler is again 
converted in¬ 
to steam. The boiling point of water is 212°, 
but in order to keep up the pressure necessary 
to maintain steam throughout the system, a 
temperature somewhat above this is demanded. 



The Wheel Club Block, 
Bellows Falls, Vt. 













Residence of Dr. A. V. Parsons, 
Takoma Park, D. C. 


f ”T'HK Hot Water system of heater, pipes and 
2 radiators is essentially similar to that for 
steam, but instead of only the heater con¬ 
taining water the entire system is filled to a point 
in the expansion tank higher than the top of the 
highest radia¬ 
tor. The cir¬ 
culation of the 
water from 
heater to radia¬ 
tors and back 
again is caused 
by the differ¬ 
ence in weight 
between hot 
and cold water. 

When water is 
heated its par¬ 
ticles expand. 

As they in¬ 
crease in size without gaining weight they be¬ 
come relatively lighter than the more solid 
particles of cold water. When a portion of the 
water in the heating system is warmed a frac¬ 
tion of a degree it is at once crowded out of 
the heavier par ticles of cold water, 
which settle down * 
and push the warm 
water to the highest 
point of the system. 
When a fire is light¬ 
ed in the heater this 
action becomes con¬ 
tinuous, and the hot 
water flows steadily 
upward from the 
heater to the radia¬ 
tors, where it gives 
off some of its heat 
and descends 
Miiwaukeefwis!’ through the return 



















pipes to the bottom of the heater, which it again 
enters, forcing up the lighter particles of hot 
water. This action continues long after the fire 
is out—until the water in the radiators is as cool 
as the air surrounding them. The hot water in 
the flow pipes is constantly overbalanced and 
driven upward by the descending columns of 
cooler and heavier water in the return pipes. 

The same water being used over and over 
again, only small replenishment is necessary to 
replace the slight loss by evaporation at the 
expansion tank. 


B OTH the hot water and steam systems are 
clean and free from dust and odor; either 
will surely convey adequate heat to all 
parts of the building, unaffected by winds; both 
are in coldest weather economical, utilizing all 
the heat the fuel will produce 


A blf the 
advan- 
tages 
of water 
over steam 
are primar¬ 
ily due to 
the lower 
tempera¬ 
tures and 
the greater 
range of 
tempera¬ 
ture at 
which the 
former can 
be worked. 
There are 

not more than ten or twelve days in a year when 
9 



Residence of Dr. J. A. Wright, 
Toledo, Ohio. 











the full capacity of a heating apparatus is used. 
Steam radiators equal to such requirements are 
plainly excessive at all other times. But some 


Residence of Geo. D. Dix, West Newton, Mass. 


heat is needed and steam must be kept up. You 
must have steam and steam heat or no steam 
and no heat. 

In the hot water system the faintest warmth 
starts circulation and the first heat given out by 
the fire is eagerly seized by the absorbent water 
and transmitted through the radiators to the 
rooms. So, in the chilly mornings or evenings 
of Spring or Fall a small wood fire that will 
raise the water to 8 o° or ioo° will make the 
house comfortable for many hours. 

Any desired degree of heat between this and 
the boiling point can be easily and accurately 
maintained by simply regulating the fire so as to 
burn only the quantity of fuel necessary to pro¬ 
duce the re¬ 
quired heat. 
This is easily 
done in the 
water appara¬ 
tus without 
constant care. 
The water is 
a storehouse 
of reserved 
heat, and if 
you burn the 
proper quantity of fuel to warm your house for 



Residence of Rev. C. S. Starkweather, 
Superior, Wis. 


10 









a day the water averages it up and distributes 
it with marvelous evenness throughout the day. 
The resultant comfort of this system is self- 
evident. 

The same conditions imply the highest econ¬ 
omy. The absorption of heat by the water is in 



The Hanley Apartment Building, 

Detroit, Mich. 

direct proportion to the difference between its 
temperature and that of the fire. The water ap¬ 
paratus is seldom run at as high temperature 
as steam, and most of the time at very much 
lower, so it is clear that as nearly as possible all 
the heat will be taken up by properly disposed 
surfaces, much of which if the surfaces were hot¬ 
ter would escape by the chimney. Moreover, it is 
never necessary to produce any more heat than 
is wanted in the rooms. The practical economy 
of this system is obvious and complete. It 
always furnishes adequate and equable heat com¬ 
bined with agreeable atmosphere at about two- 
thirds the cost of overheating and discomfort. 

The hot water heater requires less care than 
any other because fluctuations in the heat of 
the fire affect the radiators slowly. It only needs 
11 





































Residence of I,. L ,. Straus, 
Richmond, Va. 


attention twice a day in cold weather—possibly 
three times is better when the cold is severe— 
and on mild days once is usually enough. If the 

fire in a steam 
boiler gets low 
the steam con¬ 
denses and heat 
quickly fails. 

The superior 
healthfulness of 
a hot-water 
heated atmos¬ 
phere over one 
warmed by any 
other means is 
so well known 

that argument is superfluous. It need only per¬ 
haps be explained that the cooler the heating 
surfaces by which air is warmed the more com¬ 
pletely does it retain its natural purity, vitality 
and agreeable 
quality; and that 
the admirable 
uniformity of hot 
water heat pre¬ 
vents drafts and 
over-heating, and 
maintains in all 
parts of the room 
and building, at 

all times, the „ .. ,, „ „ 

,1 c .1 Residence of J. B. Sherman, 

warmtn OI tile V. P. Union Stock Yards and Transit Co., 



most delightful 
June day. 


Chicago, 

Mt. Clemens, Mich. 


EOR GREENHOUSES 

Hot water heat is especially desirable, its steady 
maintenance of the proper warmth inducing the 
12 







best growth of the plants. The quality of hot 
water-heated air, being most closely like that of 
natural, mild summer weather, is a further in¬ 
centive to thrifty growth. With other systems 



Greenhouse of J. Blanck, Chicago, Ill. 

there is, in spite of the best care, considerable 
fluctuation in the temperature, instead of the 
perfect uniformity of hot water. Moreover, 
this is the only method that can be relied upon 
to hold throughout the coldest night, with no 
attention, the temperature required for the best 
development of the plants. 

A heater for a greenhouse should surely be of 
cast iron, as a moist atmosphere is quickly de¬ 
structive of wrought iron. 

Many heaters cannot be conveniently con¬ 
nected with the large mains which are frequently 
desirable in greenhouse work. This should be 
provided for in the heater without necessity of 
any extra fittings. The Capitol can be tapped 
for 4-inch mains. 

We make special plans for the piping of green¬ 
houses, which we will send free with any heater 
if desired. 



13 

















IN SCHOOLS AND HOSPITALS, 

More perhaps than in the home, a pure, health¬ 
ful atmosphere is important, while freedom 
from drafts and 
overheating is 
manifestly essen¬ 
tial to the best in¬ 
terests of the in¬ 
mates. 

Nothing can ap¬ 
proach the perfec¬ 
tion of a good hot 
water heating ap¬ 
paratus, in conjunc¬ 
tion with a good 
system of ventila¬ 
tion. In buildings 

of this claSS ex- Children's Hospital, Columbus, O. 

pense should not 

be considered in comparison with the health 
and comfort of teachers and scholais. 



Lincoln Hall, Chapel, Soldiers and Sailors Orphan s Home 
Knightstown, Ind 

BATHS, Etc. 

The smaller sizes of the Capitol Heater are 
very effective for warming large swimming or 
other baths. In no other way can water be so 
economically heated. 



14 


















Cleveland Orphan Asylum. 

Versailles, Ky. 




Garfield Schooi, 

Pottsville, Pa. 


15 






































































































Some Typical Direct Radiators 



THE NIAGARA RADIATOR 








































IRabiators, etc. 


There are 
three classes 
of radiators 
used in connec¬ 
tion with steam 
or hot water 
heaters. That 
which is most 
commonly 
used is direct 
radiation — so 
called because 

placed directlv Residence of Dr. A. O. Bliss, 

• , -I , Hyattsville, Md. 

in the rooms to 

be heated. This system is the cheapest in first 
cost as well as in consumption of fuel. Its ex¬ 
clusive use in a building is open to the objection 
that it makes no provision for introducing fresh 
air. Besides, in some rooms space cannot con¬ 
veniently be given to radiators large enough to 
furnish adequate heat. 





A LOW WINDOW RADIATOR. 
















































































Indirect radiators are placed in the basement 
and a current of fresh air from out of doors is 
passed over their 
surfaces, being 
thus heated and 
then transmitted to 
registers in the 
walls or floors of 
the rooms to be 
warmed. This in¬ 
sures a supply of 
fresh air, but in se¬ 
vere weather is 
likely to leave the 
room insufficiently 
heated. It is not 
therefore desirable 
to depend entirely 
upon indirect radi¬ 
ation for warming 
a room, but some indirect radiator. 

direct should also be used. Besides, indirect 
costs more to put in and requires more fuel 
and larger boiler capacity to do the same work. 



Residence of F. H. Davis, Omaha, Neb. 


Direct-indirect is the name given to a direct 
radiator standing on an enclosed base, into 

18 



































which fresh air is introduced and thus heated 
before passing into the room. These radiators 
occupy a little more 
room than direct, 
do not look quite 
so well, and use a 
little more fuel. 

Their merit is in 
the ability to shut 
off either the heat 
or the air, or both, 
a little or entirely, 
as may be desired. 

Probably the most 
common practice, 
where expense is 



Residence of F. A. Crosby 
B everly, Mass. 


not a controlling element, is to put indirect radi¬ 
ation in the hall and the principal rooms on the 
first floor, such as parlors, dining-room, sitting- 

room, etc., which are 
sometimes occupied 
by a considerable 
number of people. 
In these rooms 
some direct radia¬ 
tion is also placed, 
frequently in the 
form of coils or low 
radiators under hall 
or window seats. 
The other rooms are 
then furnished with 
direct radiators. 
Where this is con¬ 
sidered too expen¬ 
sive a large indirect 
radiator in the low¬ 
er hall is relied upon 
for fresh air supply, 
direct radiators be¬ 
ing used elsewhere. 



DIRECT-INDIRECT RADIATOR. 


19 









































VENTILATION. 




Residence of Chas. F, Iucherman. 
St. l,ouis, Mo. 


If warmth is necessary to life, pure air is essen¬ 
tial to health and comfort. The increasing density 

of population 
makes it more 
difficult to get 
a supply of air 
which shall 
have never be¬ 
fore been in 
the lungs of 
others—o'r of 
ourselves - 
The “improve- 
men t s ” in 
building, too, 
render some 
ventilatingsys- 
tem necessary, 
because the 
perfectly built house of the prosperous citzen is 
without the leakages which, however disagreea¬ 
ble, doubtless pro¬ 
mote the health of 
the dweller in many 
a poor tenement. 

Fortunately such 
attention is now be- 

ing given this sub- ir\ 

ject as to make it pSPl" 11 ti \ 

common for some 
provision to be 
made for the proper 
ventilation of the 
best buildings. 

Heat is usually > 
the most effectiv 
and economical,- _ T . 

. ’ Office of Dr. J. A. Watling, 

often the only Ypsilanti, Mich. 

available agent for changing the air in buildings 
20 






















and keeping it always fit for breathing. There- 
fore no he ating system is now considered com¬ 
plete which does 
comprise a 
scheme of ventila¬ 
tion. The provi¬ 

sion is sometimes 
faulty and inade¬ 

quate, but is almost 
always better than 
nothing. 

Quite commonly 
the thing is only 
HQ S ]ip|®il half done. In some 
cases excellent ar- 
rrlH— ! — L rangements ar e 

^^^^^^^^^^^amade for the re- 

Residence of w.w. cliver, depending for a 

Terre Haute, Ind. fresh Supply Upon 

wh?c can find ingress through the crevices 
around doors and windows of even the best built 
houses. The air thus brought in is cold and 
makes unde¬ 
sirable drafts. 

Some times 
p ro p erly 
warmed air is 
introduced 
through regis¬ 
ters, depend¬ 
ing upon open 
windows, etc., 
to carry off the 
foul air. 

Kvery house 

should have Residence of Geo. R. Walters, 

one or more Sharpsburg, Pa. 

indirect radiators, furnishing the proper quantity 
of warmed fresh air, and in each room a ventilat¬ 
ing duct leading to a flue in which an upward 


























Residence of Dr. R. V. Pierce, 
Buffalo, N. Y. 


current of air is 
maintained by 
heat. The fact 
is often over¬ 
looked that foul 
air is heavier 
than pure air, 
and settles to 
the fl o o r . 
Hence, the foul 
air o u tlet s 
should be as 
close to the floor 
as possible, for 
here is the foul¬ 
est as well as the coldest air in the room. Open 
fireplaces are not bad ventilators, but take the 
air from a point rather higher than is desirable. 
When not in use it is well to close them, save a 
narrow opening at the bottom. 

A ventilating flue without heat is useless, as 
more likely than not the current will be down¬ 
ward into the heated room, instead of upward 
and outward. 

For schools, hospitals and other public build¬ 
ings a rather more elaborate system is necessary, 
as all the air in the rooms should be thoroughly 
and frequently 
changed. 

When the 
Capitol heating 
system is to be 
used we fur¬ 
nish plans 
for ventilating, 
in accordance 
with the most 
approved mod¬ 
ern methods. 

In planning a 
new building or 


Residence of Chas. K. Porter, 
Michigan City, Ind. 


22 





























remodeling an old one attention should surely 
be given to this point. It makes a little extra 
expense and will necessitate the use of a little 
more fuel, all of which will be more than repaid 
by diminished doctor’s bills and increased com¬ 
fort. 

SUGGESTIONS. 

It is important to get a heating apparatus 
above, rather than below the actual requirements 
of the building. This gives some reserve capac¬ 
ity to fall back on in times of exceptionally cold 
weather, and ensures ample heat at all times. 
Besides, the more radiating surface there is in a 
room the lower will be the temperatures that 
will furnish adequate heat, and consequently the 
more healthful and genial will be the air in the 

room. Moreover, 
fuel is thereby saved, 
as the cooler the 
water the more heat 
it will absorb, and 
the less will escape 
at the chimney. It 
is therefore a good 
investment to get a 
little more capacity 
than necessary. It 
saves fuel, saves care 
and gives better re¬ 
sults. 

No heater, how¬ 
ever excellent, will 
do its work unless it 
is properly set and 
connected with a 
well-devised and 
correctly put up 
system of piping 
and radiation. Hot 
water heating has 



Second National Bank, 
Bexington, Ky. 


23 



















not been in use so long or so generally as steam, 
hence it is usually harder to find expert hot water 
fitters than those capable of doing a first-class 
steam job. Great care should be taken to see 
that the plans for the work are laid out by heat¬ 
ing engineers of the highest skill and experience, 
who will guarantee the correctness of their plans, 
and that the work is put in by reliable and expert 
workmen. Attempts to get the job done too 
cheaply commonly result in a simple attainment 
of the one point, a cheap job—almost necessarily 
an unsatisfactory one. From a purely economical 
standpoint it is clear that when an expenditure 
is to be made amounting to several hundred 
dollars, it is a short-sighted policy to jeopardize 
the entire investment in order to save a small 
sum. The withheld dollars will surely have to 
be paid out over and over again in coal bills, 
to say nothing of repairs and alterations. 



Residence of Richard P. Marvin, 
Akron, O. 


24 







Choice of Ibeater. 


I N selecting a heater, the judgment of the non¬ 
expert is likely to be obscured by the fact that 
“doctors disagree”—at least in their mode 
of setting forth what constitute the essential 
points. If the buyer can know the features that 
should be embodied in a heater, and the reasons 
why they are desirable, he can more intelligently 
compare the merits of the different constructions. 

The primary object is to heat a current of 
water whose movement is due solely to the 
application of heat. For this a grate is needed 
of a size that will burn, without forcing, enough 
fuel to produce the quantity of heat that will 
warm the building in the coldest weather. The 
water must then be made to pass over the fire 
in such a way as to absorb as nearly as possible 
all the heat, except what is necessary to make a 
draft in the chimney. 

The rapidity with which water takes up heat 
from fire is in direct proportion to the difference 
in temperature between the water and the fire. 
In cold water circulation will start even from a 
small fire with wonderful quickness. As it gets 
hotter dampers must be closed and the products 
of combustion brought repeatedly in contact 
with the water surfaces, so that the less recept¬ 
ive water can extract from them their heat. As 
soon, therefore, as particles of water are heated 
a single degree, they should make way for 
cooler and more receptive particles. The faster 
the water can be made to pass over the fire sur¬ 
faces, the more heat it will carry away in a given 
time. 


25 


The only direction in which heat will move- 
water is vertically—the hot water moving up¬ 
ward and the cold downward. Water in hori¬ 
zontal spaces will hardly move away from the 
fire at all, save as it is forced by the movement 
of neighboring currents in vertical spaces. The 
force of the vertical currents will manifestly be 
lessened by just so much as it is spent in main¬ 
taining the lateral currents. Water in stagnant 
masses is only heated throughout by means of 
little vertical currents which it sets up within 
itself. Hence , Vertical Circulation throughout is 
the first point to be attained , as in this way can 
the water be passed most rapidly over the heat¬ 
ing surfaces. 

If a current of hot air is passed upward 
through a vertical flue surrounded by water, 
the greater part of the heat will move directly 
upward in the centre, where there is least fric¬ 
tion, never touching the water surface to impart 
to it any heat. The effect is the same when 
passing upward among several vertical tubes 
filled with water. But if such a current is made 
to impinge pretty squarely against water sur¬ 
faces, every particle of the air is brought in con¬ 
tact with the surfaces, where it gives off more 
or less heat. Hence , having vertical circulation , 
the surfaces can only be made fully effective by 
lateral draft . 

Every time the products of combustion strike 
cooler water surfaces more heat is imparted to 
the water, so they should be made to do this as 
squarely and as often as possible without destroying 
the draft. 

Aside from its circulation water is pretty 
nearly a non-conductor of heat. A heated part¬ 
icle of water will hardly give off any of its heat 
to a neighboring particle, so that the heating of 
a mass of water depends upon each particle in 
turn being brought in contact with the heat. 
Water in large bodies therefore heats far more 

26 


slowly than when it it is divided into small col¬ 
umns exposed to the fire on all sides, so that 
the greatest proportion of water is brought in 
contact with the heat and is itself heated. It is 
surface alone that utilizes the heat—good sur¬ 
face, well exposed to the direct action of the 
heat. Accordingly, the next desideratum is the 
largest extent of efficient surface in proportion to 
the quantity of water contained in the heater. 

A round tube contains the largest possible 
quantity of water, in proportion to its external 
surface. If the tube is somewhat flattened its 
holding capacity will be reduced while its cir¬ 
cumference and external surface are unchanged, 
The more it is flattened the less it will hold, and, 
conversely, the greater will be its surface in 
proportion to its capacity. A square pipe or 
section holds less than a round one having the 
same surface, but even this fails to give the full 
benefit of its surface. The most effective and 
practical is a pipe of a pointed oval shape. 

Some heaters are shipped with their water 
joints made up. This is wrong, as they rarely 
withstand the rough handling of transportation 
without more or less loosening. This is par¬ 
ticularly true of pipe heaters, which contain an 
extravagant number of water joints, many of 
them almost impossible to get at for repairs 
without the labor of removing and replacing a 
great many sound pipes. The largest sizes of 
these heaters are so heavy as to be exceedingly 
awkward to handle. They hold the same place 
in the estimation of freight handlers as does the 
“Saratoga ” trunk with the “ baggage-smasher,” 
md receive about the same treatment. Heaters 
should therefore be shipped in sections , and the 
joints should be such as can be easily and perfectly 
made tip by a mechanic of average intelligence . 

Probably nothing in connection with an other¬ 
wise good heater causes so much annoyance 
and expense as the frequently imperfect joints. 

27 


Rubber, asbestos, or similar packing is used 
for the water joints of most heaters, and should 
be avoided. No such packing is made that will 
not, after the alternate use and disuse of several 
winters and summers, shrink or disintegrate, 
causing leaks. Most joints are subject to ex¬ 
pansion and contraction which may cause leaks. 
Threaded pipe directly exposed to the heat and 
gases from burning coal gives out more quickly 
than any other part of the heater, the iron being 
already partly cut through and its hard surface 
removed by the thread. The model joint should 
therefore be all metal , a?id it should be outside the 
heater , so as not to be affected by the action of the 
fire and to be accessible for any necessary tight- 
eni?ig. 

There is no longer any sincere discussion as to 
the best material of which to make a hot water 
heater. The superiority of cast iron as a trans¬ 
mitter of heat seems to be established beyond 
question, and in a properly constructed heater 
or radiator there is no danger of cracking from 
unequal expansion and contraction. Form¬ 
erly there was some difficulty in avoiding an 
excessive weight of metal, and a proper light¬ 
ness was only to be had in wrought iron. This 
was the day of pipe heaters and pipe radiators. 
Modern skill produces castings lighter than the 
“ Extra heavy” pipe used in some parts of the 
best pipe heaters, and little, if any, heavier than 
the light “Standard gas pipe” used to some 
extent in all and exclusively in some heaters. 

This brings up that most important point, the 
exceedingly bad record of pipe heaters in respect 
to durability. There are some cases where ex¬ 
traordinary combinations of favorable condi¬ 
tions have enabled pipe boilers (we refer only to 
those used for house-heating purposes, with coal 
or gas as a fuel), to give something like a re¬ 
spectable term of service—barely, however, 
furnishing enough exceptions to prove the rule, 

28 


recognized by experts and practical men, that 
for such purposes Cast Iron will for years outlast 
Wrought Iron or Steel. 

Ease of cleaning is of great importance. Ac¬ 
cumulations of soot and ashes not only obstruct 
the flue openings and destroy the draft, but form 
on the surfaces a non-conducting coating that 
neutralizes their efficiency in proportion to its 
thickness. Vertical surfaces are, naturally, least 
likely to catch such accumulations and most 
easily freed from them. But it is essential that 
every inch of surface should be readily accessible 
to brush and scraper, through convenient doors. 
Get a heater , then , with the least possible flat sur¬ 
face to catch dirt , all fire surfaces easy to brush , 
and no little flue holes from which the soot can be 
but imperfectly removed . 

Many cast iron boilers are built of horizontal 
sections, and sizes are often increased by the 
simple addition of another section. This is 
clearly wrong. If before the extra section was 
added there was enough fire surface to take up 
all the heat from a fire of that size nothing can 
be gained by more surface. If the increased 
surface is necessary to extract all the heat, then 
in the smaller size some of the heat is wasted for 
want of enough surface to absorb it all. The 
construction that is recognized as the best is 
the vertical section , where the grate surface is 
always in the same proportion to the fire surface. 

The heater will not last forever, nor, like the 
u one-hoss shay,” will all parts prove equally 
durable. Some part must give out first. Get a 
heater which wifi not be totally disabled by a sin¬ 
gle defective section, and one in which a broken 
part can be replaced quickly , cheaply and easily. 


29 


C^ ITo 4 

HOT WATER 
HEATER 
S HEATER CO 
DETROIT 



















































































































































































































XLhc Capitol Ibeater 


T HE construction of the Capitol Hot Water 
Heater is shown by the accompanying 
illustrations. The back and sides of the 
ash-pit base are hollow, forming a water space 
into which the return pipes are brought. 



ASH-PIT BASE. 


The back and front, and the intermediate sec¬ 
tions that make up the body of the heater, rest 
upon and are connected with this base. 

They are connected at the top with a header, 
from which the flow pipes are taken. 

The bottom connection is a slip nipple, drawn 
tight by a coupling, on the inner side of which is 
a cam that engages with lugs on the castings. 
The top connection is a special long-screw 
nipple, with a soft metal gasket which fits into 

31 







































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































a counter-sunk recess in the top casting. When 
the joint is made up this soft metal is forced into 
the thread by the wedge-shaped top of the lock¬ 
nut. 

The intermediate sections thus placed, stand 
in two opposite rows. Between the rows is a 
smoke opening, extending from front to back. 

The rocking and dumping grate, resting on 
the cast-iron ashpit, has one grate-bar for each 
section of heater, so that the proportion of grate 
to fire surface is always maintained, whatever 
number or width of sections may be used. 

The fire-pot is so arranged as to give a good 
combustion chamber, in order that all the gases 
given off by the burning coal may be properly 
consumed. In many heaters the gases are per¬ 
mitted to escape by numerous openings pretty 
directly upward into the flues, where they are 
quickly cooled by coming in contact with the 
water surfaces. Our fire-pot has a solid top, 
with the exception of the long, narrow smoke 
opening in the middle. In this way the gases are 
to an extent retained and exposed to the 
heat of the fire, so that they are as nearly as 
possible consumed instead of being condensed 
and wasted. This is highly important, as a very 
large proportion of the heat-producing element 
contained in the coal is first given off in the form 
of gas. This should be burned. If it is wasted 
only a comparatively small part of the benefit 
that ought to be had from the coal is secured. 

The intermediate section is, of course, the 
most important part of the heater so far as 
regards its effective working. The Capitol sec¬ 
tion is so designed as to give the greatest possi¬ 
ble heating surface in proportion to the quantity 
of water contained and the space occupied, and 
still afford ample flue opening for the escape of 
the products of combustion. 

This section consists of vertical water pipes 
connected by three horizontal waterways, the 
33 


lowermost of which meet when the sections are 
set up, and form the roof of the fire pot, while 
the top waterways form the top of the heater 
proper. The middle waterway, as will be seen 
by the cut, does not extend clear to the outside 
of the heater, but leaves a space for the smoke 
to pass upward. A heavy baffle- 
plate cuts off the middle smoke 
opening so that the draft has 
to pass from the middle of the 
heater to the side and then 
back to the middle and out 
through the smoke pipe. 

The pipes are not in straight 
rows, but are “staggered” as 
shown in the cut on opposite 
page, so that the <gases, in pass¬ 
ing from the middle to the 
sides and back again, not only 
cross at right-angles with the 
water surfaces, but are com¬ 
pelled to follow a zigzag route, 
being repeatedly deflected and 
made to change their course. 
This brings every particle of 
the heated gases into contact 
with the water surfaces, which 
are thus enabled to absorb the 
heat. 

A rapid circulation of the 
water is attained by making its 
direction purely vertical. There 
are no flat surfaces anywhere 
to check its upward course. 

During the operation of a heater small quanti¬ 
ties of comparatively cool water are carried 
upward by the ascending current of hot water. 
This cool water has a constant tendency to get 
back again to the bottom of the heater, and 
makes counter-currents and eddies which are 
undesirable. The Capitol heater provides a re- 

34 



INTERIOR 

OF 

CAPITOL 

SECTION. 




















turn passage for such water. When there is 
cold water to be returned to the base, there is 
circulation within the heater, all the cool water 
passing downward through the outermost water 
tube of each section without interfering in any 
way with the ascending current in the interior 
tubes which are more directly exposed to the 
fire. Each section is, in itself, a complete circu¬ 
lator or heater. 

The. sections are not made to fit tightly, thus 
obviating the necessity of carefully fitted smoke- 
j oints, which are perfectly made by the asbestos 



CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW. 

A—Front. B—Back. IJF)—Side Smoke-opening. 

CC—Sections. Darts show lateral direction of 

D—Middle Smoke-opening. draft, above the middle water¬ 

way. 

covering. This easy adjustment prevents any 
strain upon the castings and, in connection with 
their carefully calculated shape, avoids possibility 
of cracking from unequal expansion and contrac- 

35 



















tion. While cracked sections are common in 
many hot water and steam heaters, as everyone 
knows, they are, in our experience, so rare as to 
be practically unknown. 

If a Capitol section should get broken it can be 
cut off by plugging the openings in the base and 
top, and the heater used without it until a new 
part can be put in. Any section can be removed 
and replaced without disturbing the rest of the 
heater. 

The parts are interchangeable, and as no 
special care is necessary to fit them to each other 
the heater is most easily set up. 

There is not a bolted joint in the heater, 
nor any rubber, or other similar packing—noth¬ 
ing but metal. The joints are few in num¬ 
ber, and all are practically outside the heater, 
away from the action of the fire. They are very 
easily made up and once tight will remain tight 
forever. If by chance they should not be tight 
when the heater is first set, they can be tightened 
without letting the fire out or even opening the 
door of the heater, as they are all on the outside, 
and accessible for any necessary tightening. 

The heater is very readily cleaned, as every 
inch of its heating surface can be easily reached 
through the front clean-out doors by brush and 
scraper. The broad sides of the tubes are pre¬ 
sented to the brush, which easily removes all 
soot. There are no inaccessible flue openings 
about it anywhere. This is very important, as a 
large percentage of the trouble with hot water 
heaters is due to their surfaces becoming coated 
or their flues obstructed. 

The Capitol is designed to be used as a port¬ 
able heater, coated with asbestos ; but it may be 
encased in brick if desired. The brick casing 
may be so arranged as to make a return flue 
heater where the draft in the chimney is strong. 

It is shipped in sections, which are easy to 
handle and can be carried through any opening 

36 



I SECTION OF CASTING FROM A 
1 TYPICAL FLAT-SECTION 
CAST IRON HEATER 




r SECT ION OF VERTICAL 
WATER TUBE 
FROM THE CAPITOL HEATEFL 


37 


which a man can enter. It can be quickly set 
up and the joints readily made by any competent 
mechanic. 

The heater can be entirely drained of water, 
thus removing all sediment, and preventing 
freezing when not in use. 

The return pipes are brought in below the 
grate, avoiding possiblity of reversed crculation. 

Doors are lined to prevent loss of heat. 

Special pains are taken to produce per feet cast¬ 
ings. We use the grades of iron that experience 
has shown to be the best, and employ expert 
labor, while our patterns and foundry equipment 
excel those of any other manufacturer of house¬ 
heating boilers. 

We are thus enabled to produce castings of 
superior strength and toughness, and at the 
same time so light as to oppose the least pos¬ 
sible resistance to the transmission of heat from 
the fire to the water. 

This nullifies the only objections ever raised 
against cast iron boilers. The Capitol will not 
crack like the old constructions, nor is it so 
heavy as to interfere with effective action. Our 
castings are of about the same thickness as the 
extra heavy pipe of which the best wrought iron 
boilers are made, and will not, like them, rust 
away in a few years. 

We test all our sections to ioo pounds, hydrau¬ 
lic pressure, and afterwards test them thoroughly 
with steam. 

All the work about the heater is carefully done 
and rigidly inspected, so that there is hardly a 
possible chance of imperfect goods going out 
from our factory. 

Thus made, the Capitol is a good heater—good 
all around, and excellent in every point. It has 
an unexcelled record for first-class service in the 
coldest parts of the United States, in tempera¬ 
tures ranging from 30 to 40° below zero. 


38 



,UNS* vell 




COLJS 


jAS. ARTHUR 


***!.*? 


JOHN W. LOw 

fywSTOrf/. 


v. tMUMl 


i • r'/t'C 


39 
























































































































































































































Ipirof. Hllen’s IReport 

ON 

THE CAPITOL 
HOT WATER HEATER. 


Office of Leicester Allen, 
Engineer, 

Room 49, Arbuckle Building, 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 

United States Heater Co : 

Gentlemen —In compliance with your request 
for a written opinion upon the general design 
and construction (as indicating efficiency or oth¬ 
erwise) of the Capitol Hot Water Heater, I have 
carefully scrutinized it with reference to well 
known and accepted principles of scientific con¬ 
struction in heaters of this class. 

Your statement of the principles upon which 
the heater is based, renders it evident that the 
designers are well informed in the requirements 
for a good hot water heater, and that if com¬ 
petent mechanically to apply these principles a 
first-class heater could hardly fail to be the result 
of their careful and deliberate effort. These 
principles, which both theory and practice con¬ 
firm as essential to highest efficiency, are here¬ 
inafter noted; 

1. Circulation of water over the interior heat¬ 
ing surface in a vertically upward direction ; or, 
if this be departed from anywhere, circulation 
in a direction so much inclined from the hori¬ 
zontal as to insure rapid flow of water (unmixed 
with any steam formed at points where flow is 
retarded, as in some hot water heaters) upward 
and over all parts of the surface, thus securing 
the maximum contact of the water with the 


40 



heating surface in the minimum of time. In 
other words, to secure the greatest velocity of 
flow upward through the heater, of water, as 
water; not water partly mixed with steam, which 
latter is subsequently condensed to water again 
when mingled with other water in some part of 
the system more or less remote from the heating 
surface. # 

For securing the thorough application of this 
principle the Capitol Heater appears to be all 
that can be desired. I estimate that fully 85 per 
cent, of its effective heating surface is vertical; 
and as this gives the direction to the flow, the 
principle cannot fail to be carried out much more 
perfectly than in many heaters in the market, 
and to an extent not exceeded, I think, in any 
now known to me. 

2. The principle, also vital to efficiency , either 
in hot water heaters or steam boilers, that the 
products of combustion, i. e ., the flame and hot 
gases, shall strike the heating surfaces as nearly 
as practicable at right angles, is very thoroughly 
secured in the Capitol; for, although the general 
movement of these products is upward, the cur¬ 
rent as a whole is repeatedly deflected, and again 
and again caused to impinge horizontally against 
the vertical tubes; and, as the currents are many 
times broken up and divided by their impinge¬ 
ment upon the tubes, it seems impossible that 
any particle of the heated products can escape 
contact with the tubes, thus to impart its due 
quantity of heat to the surface and to the inner 
water currents. 

3. The proper proportioning of the volume of 
the circulating water to the heating surface that 
confines it and directs its flow seems to have 
been carefully studied in your design. With 
cylindrical water tubes, unless so small as to 
introduce material frictional resistance to the 
flow, this proportion is difficult of attainment. 
The flow in such tubes is apt to be so slow that 

41 


bubbles of steam are generated: and, as steam 
takes up heat much more slowly than water, the 
efficiency of the surface is lessened when the 
action described is set up. The form of the cross- 
section of the water tubes in your heater, being 
that of an equilateral rhombus, with rounded 
angles, secures the attainment of any desired 
proportion of external heating surface to the 
volume of internal water current, simply by 
varying the angles; and the designers of your 
heater seem to have adopted a shape of cross- 
section that gives a very judicious relation of 
volume of current to the heating surface. 

4. I cannot agree with one principle stated in 
your description of the boiler, as follows: 

“Accordingly, the next desideratum is the 
largest extent of surface in proportion to size 
of grate and quantity of water contained in the 
heater.” 

There may be excess of heating surface in 
proportion to grate as well as deficiency, and the 
enunciation of the principle should be remodeled 
to read as follows: “The next desideratum is 
the largest extent of efficient heating surface in 
proportion to size of grate and quantity of water 
contained in the heater.” From the accuracy in 
statements of other principles contained in your 
description, I think the omission of the word 
“efficient” was an oversight. With this modi¬ 
fication I should hold the proposition to be sound. 
What is wanted is efficient heating surface, and 
enough of it in proportion to grate. I think the 
Capitol meets all requirements in this particular ; 
and the extent as well as the efficiency of the 
surface, as arranged with reference to the cur¬ 
rents of heated gaseous products, as well as the 
large part of the surface exposed to direct radi¬ 
ation from the incandescent fuel on the grate, 
must render the heater not only rapid and pow¬ 
erful in action, but also very economical of fuel 
in use, because extracting all the heat from the 


42 


£ases, compatible with maintaining a proper 
draft, before the gases enter the uptake. 

5. The principle that the grate in a sectional 
heater should increase proportionally to the num¬ 
ber of sections, when the proper proportion to 
the heating surface has once been established, is 
correct for all hot water heaters, and can hardly 
be carried out by any heater with horizontally 
made up sections. Hence your use of vertical 
sections is in strict accordance with the best 
practice in the construction of hot water heat¬ 
ers, and secures the advantage of proportional 
enlargement of heating surface and grate for 
different capacities of heaters. 

6. The construction of each leaf of the heater 
in two separate parts, connected at top and bot¬ 
tom to adjacent sections, is a feature which 
strongly commends itself to good mechanical 
judgment. In the first place, it renders the 
parts to be handled much lighter than where 
each leaf is cast integrally in a single section, 
and therefore diminishes the liability to break¬ 
age in shipment, while it also aids in securing 
good, sound castings. At the same time your 
method of connecting these parts is entirely 
simple and mechanical, employing metal joints 
only, and avoiding all packings or cements which 
are liable to give trouble in erecting heaters and 
to give out during use, causing annoying leaks. 
I cannot see how any mechanic, even of moder¬ 
ate skill, should experience any difficulty in 
making tight all the joints in the Capitol. Fur¬ 
ther, the accessibility of these joints, all of 
which may be easily reached without disturbing 
or disconnecting other parts of the heater, is a 
highly commendable feature, enabling any part, 
which through accident or long use has become 
imperfect, to be disconnected, without crippling 
the heater. Thus, should any section give out 
in midwinter, it may be disconnected, the boiler 
yet remaining in good working condition, un+i' 

43 


warm weather, when repairs can be made with¬ 
out discommoding any one by stopping the use 
of the apparatus at a time when heat is still 
needed. This I consider a most important 
desideratum either in a hot water heater, or in a 
sectional steam boiler used for heating purposes. 
^ 7. Cleaning of the heating surface, without 
which the efficiency of any heater or boiler is 
soon greatly diminished, is performed in this 
heater with the greatest facility, every part of 
such surface being reached with ease by a clean¬ 
ing brush, the surface not presenting re-entrant 
angles, or recessed parts in which soot and ashes 
collect, and from which their removal is difficult. 

8. As to the relative merits of wrought and 
cast iron for hot water heaters and low pressure 
steam heating boilers, there is quite a diverg¬ 
ence of opinion among manufacturers; this opin¬ 
ion, for the most part, being influenced by purely 
commercial reasons. The facts are that cast iron 
resists rust (which is what ultimately uses up 
heating boilers, rather than service) better than 
wrought iron, and its power of absorbing radi¬ 
ant heat directly from incandescent fuel, is 
greater than that of wrought iron. Once in place, 
and properly cared for, its durability in a boiler 
or heater is unquestionably superior to that of 
wrought iron. The main objection to it is one 
that appeals to the manufacturer rather than the 
user, the greater liability to breakage during 
transportation when carelessly handled. For 
this reason, and also because good sound cast¬ 
ings of uniform thickness in large and compli¬ 
cated sections, have been found, in my experi¬ 
ence, subject to frequent exceptions, I have 
been wont to favor wrought iron. This leaning 
would be reversed in the case of a cast iron sec¬ 
tional heater like the Capitol, wherein the cast¬ 
ings are not of such undue size as to render them 
difficult to make of uniform thickness, and 
devoid of defects, such as are too frequently 


44 


met with in some heaters of different design. 
Once erected on a good foundation, a heater of 
this material and design will endure longer and 
do better work than though the sections were 
made of wrought iron, and of the same thickness. 

In conclusion, gentlemen, I give it as my opin¬ 
ion, based upon much experience in designing, 
testing and erecting heating apparatus, that you 
have in your new Capitol Hot Water Heater a 
design that will enable you to compete success¬ 
fully with any hot water heater in the market, 
and which will give much satisfaction to your 
customers. 

Very respectfully yours, 

LEICESTER ALLEN- 


April 19, 1893. 



Hubbard Library, Hallowell, Me. 


45 














Mbat tbey> sa£. 


New Duluth, Minn , March 6th, i 8 g 4 . 

» This is the second winter I have used the Capitol Heater. 
It gives perfect satisfaction in every respect. It has kept 
our house warm as summer, and at times when the ther¬ 
mometer registered 45 degrees below zero. 
Respectfully, 

H. C Beardsley, 
The Hurd Refrigerator Co, 


Duluth, Minn,, March 5th, 1894. 

I have one of your Capitol Heaters and am very well sat¬ 
isfied with its working. It has done the work of heating 
ten rooms in the most severe weather and consumed less 
coal than I used last winter in heating four rooms with 
a common base burning stove. I am very glad I 
concluded to put in this heater, and am, 

Very respectfully yours, 

A. E. McManus, 
Palladio Building. 


Omaha, Neb., March 6th, 1894, 
The heater has given entire satisfaction, and we think is 
very economical. It works first-class in all respects, 
and we can cheerfully recommend it. 

Yours truly, 

Voegele & Dinning, 

1110 Howard St. 


Michigan City, Ind., Jan. 25th, 1894. 

I take pleasure in stating that the Capitol is giving me 
good satisfaction. I have had no trouble with it whatever, 
and the comfort and convenience of it are beyond 
compare. I think it is one of the best investments I ever 
made. Although the weather for the last few days has 
been unusually cold, I have had no difficulty in keeping my 
^ouse comfortable. 

Very truly yours, 

Jared H. Orr, 

Attorney. 


46 






Duluth, Minn., March 7th, 189^, 
Your Capitol Heater is giving the best of satisfaction. 
Don’t see how there could be any improvement, as it does 
the work thoroughly and is a coal saver. 

Respectfully yours, 

H. Fee. 


Toledo. 0 ., March 16th, 1894. 

The Capitol Heater which you placed in my building last 
fall has proven very satisfactory in saving of fuel, ease of 
management and satisfactory results. 

It requires no more attention than a stove, 
and the heat is very pleasant. 

I am so well pleased with your heater, system of piping, 
radiators, etc., that I should prefer it to any heating appa¬ 
ratus with which I am acquainted. 

Yours truly, 

Lincoln Hays. 


Detroit, Mich., Jan. 25th, 1893. 

I have found the Capitol Heater very satisfactory the 
past winter. During the extreme cold weather I ex¬ 
perienced no difficulty in keeping the house comfort¬ 
able. I would also state that I found the consump¬ 
tion of fuel small. Yours truly, 

Sidney B. Wight, 

Sec’y to the President M. C. R. R. 


17 North Center Street, ) 
Pottsville, Pa., Jan. 16, 1893. ) 
Your inquiry of December 30, 1892, received. Up to 
that time the thermometer had only gone to 5 0 above zero, 
and before answering I wanted to try your Capitol a little 
further. Now, since that time it has gone to 7 0 below zero, 
and my previous good opinion of it has been very much 
strengthened. The thermometer outside is now 2 ° above, 
inside 70 0 above zero, a fall during the night of 2° with no 
draft on—in fact all drafts closed. It is compact and is 
business all the way through; so simple in its construction 
that any one who wants to can take care of it, and its 
heating is entirely under control. It is by far the prettiest 
I have ever had the pleasure of looking at, raises heat 
quickly, and I really cannot recommend it too 
highly. I am more than pleased with it. 

Very respectfully, 

Dr. Wm. H. Robinson. 


47 





Buffalo, N. Y., Feb. 15th, 1894. 

The No. 13 Capitol Hot Water Heater in my residence, 
No. 653 Main St., has proven entirely satisfactory. My 
house is exposed on all sides, and yet it has at all times 
been heated to a comfortable degree in all parts. Most of 
the winter we have only required to fire one of the 
two fire pots. Yours truly, 

R. V. Pierce, 
World’s Dispensary. 


Cincinnati, O., Jan. 18th, 1893. 

I have been using the Capitol Heater with entire satisfac¬ 
tion. It has kept the temperature at 70° at all times during 
the past winter, when the temperature has at times been as 

low as 1 6° below zero. I recommend it to all who 
appreciate the comforts of home. 

Yours respectfully, 

Geo. E. Clyde. 

Cincinnati Panel Co. 


St Paul, Minn., Jan. 28, 1893. 

I have been using your Capitol Heater in my residence 
this winter, and it gives entire satisfaction. The tempera¬ 
ture has been ranging from 15° to 24P below zero, 
and I have had no difficulty in keeping the house perfectly 
comfortable. The temperature of every room in the house 
has ranged from 73 0 to 8o°, and can with ease obtain a 
temperature of 8o° in the rooms at any time, if desired. 

Yours truly, 

J. F. Franzen, 

Assignee St. Paul German Assurance Company. 


Rochester, N, Y., Feb. 28th. 1894. 
The Capitol gives perfect satisfaction and is just what it 
is recommended to be. 

Yours respectfully, 

John P. Stallman, 

535 Plymouth Ave 


Burlington, Vt, March 23d, 1894. 

I can’t say too much in praise of the hot water heater. I 
have a large house and it has been like summer all 
over it through the winter. 

Respectfully, 

Mrs, C. E. Barnes. 


48 





Martinsville, III., Feb. 26th, 1894. 
Replying to your letter of the 23d would say, this is the 
second winter for our Capitol Heater. We have every 
reason to be glad we put it in. It warms our house effectu¬ 
ally, up stairs and down, giving comparatively no trouble, 
no dirt, no anxiety. Our house is good size. Fronts west 
and north, so we are exposed as much as houses generally 
in small towns, * 

We warm seven good-sized living rooms and two roomy 
halls comfortably in coldest weather, say ten degrees below 
zero. In fact, plants bloom all winter in any room 
that we pretend to warm, and I think this is sufficient to 
satisfy the most skeptical. We use perhaps double the 
amount of hard coal required for a single base burning 
hard coal stove, and use no other heat except the one 
Capitol. 

Respectfully, 

C. K. Douglass. 


Chicago, III., Jan. 30th, 1894. 
i am glad to say that we are well pleased with the 
Capitol Heater, which we have used now for nearly two 
winters, I think hot water the ideal system, and know 
of no better heater than the Capitol. 

Sincerely, 

W . H. Merritt, 
Business Mgr. The Baptist Union. 


Chicago, III., March 2d, 1894. 

My house stands where it is swept by the strong west 
winds which blow over this country, and is probably 
more exposed than the majority of houses. I have had no 
difficulty whatever in keeping the temperature all over the 
house at 70 degrees during the very coldest weather, and we 
have had several mornings when the temperature was from 
fifteen to twenty-five degrees below zero. The 
amount of coal which I have used to this date is about ten 
tons, and I think two tons more will last me through the 
season. I believe this amount can be cut down twenty per 
cent, by wrapping the pipes in the cellar, which I shall 
probably do another year. . . 

I find the heater an extremely easy one to run, requiring 
very little attention ; easy to dump, easy to rake off the cin¬ 
ders, and in all other respects, so far as my short acquaint¬ 
ance goes, it is perfectly satisfactory. 

Yours very truly, 

C. E. Raymond, 

Chicago Manager J. Walter Thompson 

49 




Butler, Pa , Feb. 23d, 1894.^ 
In reply to yours of the 23d inst.: I have had the Capitol 
Heater in my dwelling for nearly two winters; it has worked 
to my entire satisfaction ; has not been one cent of 
expense for repairs. My gas bills have been very materi- 
ally reduced, and what is better than all is this, I have 
had a comfortable house. I would not have a home with¬ 
out the hot water system. There is no heat like it, and I 
do not see how any heater could work better than the 
Capitol. Respectfully yours, 

S. D. Bell, M. D. 


Plymoutt-t, Mich., March 4th, 1894. 

I am well pleased with the Capitol Heater. It is very 
easy to run, only requiring attention morning and might in 
the coldest of weather, and I consider the hot water system 
far superior to either steam or furnace, both in economy 
and character of the heat. 

Truly jours, 

Leonard F. Hatch, M D. 


Raleigh, N. C., March 29th, 1894. 

• My house is heated now by a No. 3 Capitol Hot Water 

Heater. The house is greatly exposed on all sides, having 
many large windows and good size rooms with high ceiling. 
The heater is placed in the open cold cellar with uncovered 
pipes, but very nicely warms the rooms and two large halls 
above. The heat is mild and summer like, and is very 
pleasant and agreeable in every part of the house, even in 
two of the bed-rooms with no radiators. My house has 
never been warmed before in cold weather, and it 
is wonderful how well the Capitol heats the house throughuot 
when but little fuel, is used. The circulation is rapid and 
the heater powerful. I am very well pleased with the 
heater in every way. I cannot imag ne how a hot water 
heater can be made to beat this. It is beautiful in appear¬ 
ance, occupies a space in the cellar of 25 x 30 inches on the 
floor, and requires about the same attention and labor as a 
large stove. 

By next winter I shall have all pipes in cellar well wrap¬ 
ped and heater protected from the cold air, with a liberal 
show of stove coal on hand; then you may send on the bliz¬ 
zards even worse than last January, which was fearful 
enough here, the thermometer at times down to zero, and I 
shall be all fixed up, not forgetting my little heater under 
the house Very respectfully, 


50 


J. B. Hill. 




New Knoxville, O., Feb. 20th, 1894. 

The Capitol has been in use nearly two years, and is giv¬ 
ing the best of satisfaction. No repairs or expenses have 
been necessary so far. I use soft coal for fuel at present. 
The heater is so easily cleaned that this fuel 
does almost as well as hard coal* 

Respectfully, 

James Slack. 

Superior, Wis., Jan. 27, 1893. 

Some four months since I purchased one of your No. 6 
Heaters, and most emphatically say that I am more than 
pleased with it in every respect. In fact, too much 
cannot be said in its favor as a perfect Heater, and at 
the same time a fuel saver. I shall take pleasure in 
recommending it to my friends whenever I have an oppor¬ 
tunity to do so. Yours very truly, 

C. S. Starkweather, 

Rector Church of the Redeemer. 


Du Bois, Pa„ March 1st, 1894. 

1 am highly pleased with the Capitol. My fuel bill is 
lighter than others who use other heaters. 

Respectfully, 

P, S. Weber. 


Ashland, Wis., Jan. 23, 1893. 

We have had your Capital Heater, No. 13, in operation 
for about two months in the residence of Mr. E. A, Shores, 
and the thermometer has registered as low as 30° below 
zero. We had warm rooms and even tempera¬ 
ture throughout the house. The heater is perfectly satis¬ 
factory 

John W. Foster. 


959 Jefferson Ave., Detroit. 

I have used the Capitol Heater for two years, and find it 
gives perfect satisfaction. It is a quick and powerful heater 
and easily managed by anyone. There is nothing about it 
to get out of order and it apparently will last indefi¬ 
nitely without repairs. I have been using the hot water 
system for six years, and know of no better heater than the 
Capitol. 

Chas. Douglas, M. D. 


51 





Residence of Dr. H. H. Darst, 
Toledo, O. 





Residence of R. W. Smith, 
Toledo, O. 


52 





















































































a IWorb to tbe tTrabe 


Y OU have two motives in handling heaters. 
The first is money and the second is reputa¬ 
tion, which in the end means more money. 
If you are a far-seeing business man, we need 
not tell you that the best way to make money 
is not to squeeze the last dollar out of the con¬ 
tract you have on had to-day, because if you 
should do that, even though it might give your 
customer a certain degree of satisfaction, it 
would not make him an enthusiastic advocate of 
3 r our goods and your work. 

Take the question of heaters—hot water or 
steam heaters. You can buy heaters for a great 
deal less money than you can buy a Capitol or 
Hecla; you can buy almost any heater on the 
market a little cheaper. There are no higher 
priced goods than ours offered for sale, but you 
know that is the kind of goods you want to 
handle. You want to give your customers qual¬ 
ity, which means efficiency and durability. The 
quality of our heaters is plain to see when you 
look at them. Such goods as ours cannot be 
made without a great deal of expense and care 
in designing the heaters themselves and the 
equipment for their manufacture. We have the 
most elaborate and expensive patterns and equip¬ 
ment in the heating business of this country. 
We have put more time and thought and more 
high-class skilled labor on that part of our in¬ 
vestment than anyone else has thought necess¬ 
ary, but the result shows in the heater. You 
can see it and your customers can see it. Com¬ 
pare the Capitol with any other heater you ever 
saw, and what do you think of it? You know the 

53 



old story that every block of marble contains a 
beautiful statue, and to bring it out it is only 
necessary to cut away all the marble that does 
not belong to it. If you look at one of our 
sections you will see that we have taken away 
every shaving of metal that is not necessary to 
give the very highest efficiency. Every line of 
our castings shows strength combined with 
lightness, and a graceful but thoroughly business¬ 
like appearance that tells better than words can 
do what efficiency they embody. 

At the same time, when you are going to buy 
a heater it does not cost you materially more 
to get the best—that is, the Capitol or Hecla. 
We try to approximate pretty closely the prices 
of other heaters that may be regarded as first- 
class, so you cannot be very much out of pocket 
even on the first cost of your first job if you use 
our heaters. In the long run you are away 
ahead. 

When we first put our heaters on the market 
we do not think we had a single competitor that 
did not over-rate his heaters. We under-rated 
ours so much that people laughed at us and said 
we were giving away good iron. We knew that, 
but we had seen the results of starting the 
other way. So we started with our boilers mater¬ 
ially under-rated and spent two years finding 
out just what they were capable of doing. Then 
we raised our rating a little, and the chances are 
that we may raise it a little more, because we 
are sure they will do more work—we do not 
know how much more—than our present rating. 

That gives those of our dealers who have 
handled our goods a feeling of confidence in them 
and in what they will do that is very different 
from the feeling with which they regard other 
boilers. Generally, the only question is how 
much allowance to make for over-rating. With 
our boilers the published rating “goes.” 


54 


The question of price comes in here again 
very hard. If in one case you have to pay $200 
for a thousand-foot boiler and you can buy 
another thousand-foot boiler for $175 it looks 
on the face of it as if the latter would be the 
economical thing to buy; but if you have got to 
take off 25 per cent, from the rating of the $175 
boiler, then you are only getting $150 worth of 
boiler and paying $175 for it. There is not 
much economy in this. 

In designing our heaters the principal point of 
view from which we looked at it was the fitter’s. 
Right here it is perhaps in order to say that we 
were the first company, manufacturing heaters 
in a large way, to start from the first on the basis 
of selling our goods through the trade only. 
Other manufacturers claim to have fallen into 
line more or less, but so far as our knowledge goes 
there is not to-day, and never has been, another 
company that takes no contracts under any cir¬ 
cumstances and is in no way, directly or in¬ 
directly, connected with or interested in any 
contracting firm. 

Such a business policy as this must necessi¬ 
tate special attention to the requirements of the 
fitter. We therefore planned to make a heater 
that should be easier than any other to handle 
and set up and, if a repair should ever become 
necessary, easier to repair. We are told, and 
believe, that we have succeeded in this. Our 
ash-pit is the biggest and heaviest thing about 
our heater and it is no trouble at all to carry 
that into any cellar through an ordinary door. 
It is not necessary to pull the house down, nor 
to set up the heater first and build the house 
around it; nor is a derrick needed to get the 
heater into place. After the ash-pit is set, one 
man can carry the sections in. & 

'The Capitol has been set up in repeated in¬ 
stances by men who had never seen one before, 
and they are all delighted with the way it goes 
55 


together. If a man of average intelligence, even 
if he is not a mechanic, will follow the instruc¬ 
tions that we send out he cannot fail to put the 
heater up very quickly, with no trouble at all, 
and all the joints and everything about it will 
be perfect from the start. 

All this, it should be remembered, is a 
distinct saving of money, and should be con¬ 
sidered in figuring the cost of the heater. 

There are heaters that have some pretty 
good points that are very hard to discover un¬ 
less a man is an expert of the highest grade and 
gives a great deal of study to the construction 
in question. That is not true of the Capitol. 
We have so devised it that its strong points stick 
out in such a way that anyone can see them. 

We started this business in a pretty small 
way and our first work was principally right 
around home; and for quite a long time—until 
our business got beyond our personal observa¬ 
tion—we were able to say truthfully that no one 
who wanted a heater and saw the Capitol ever 
bought anything else. Our trade generally find 
this to be pretty nearly the rule in their experi¬ 
ence. If an intelligent business or professional 
man looks at two or three heaters and then sees 
the Capitol, he has no doubt that that is the 
heater he wants and our dealer gets the order 
unless his competitor has some special pull or 
spends a great many dollars’ worth of time in 
talking the customer into his way of think¬ 
ing. All this valuable time and expenditure 
of salesmanship are dollars saved to our deal¬ 
ers, because it has become a proverb in the trade 
that “ the Capitol sells itself.” 

All that we have said about the Capitol ap¬ 
plies with equal force to the Hecla, which is pre¬ 
cisely the same thing, with the necessary modi¬ 
fication of the sections to adapt it to effective 
steam work. 


56 

































































































































































f 




































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Ibecla Steam IBeatet. 



Residence of Frank Murphy, Omaha, Neb. 

Heated by the Hecla Steam Heater. 

While we do not recommend steam heat in 
general, there are cases where it is perhaps pre¬ 
ferable and many others where it is chosen by 
the house owners for one reason or another. In 
order to meet this demand, we have constructed 
a steam heater having the general external ap¬ 
pearance of the Capitol Hot Water Heater and 
possessing all its points of constructive excel¬ 
lence. 

The action of a steam heater is similar to that 
of a hot water heater. The gases must be 
brought in contact with the surfaces in the same 
way, so that the water may absorb as much as 
possible of the heat. 

The water must be made to circulate rapidly 
over the heating surfaces. 

The proportion of grate to fire surface must 
be correct and uniform. 

With steam, even more perhaps than with 
water, it is imperative that flat surfaces and 
horizontal currents be avoided. 


59 




All this has been provided for in our Hecla 
Steam Heater. Its base, front, back and top are 
the same as those of the Capitol. The interior 
sections differ from those of the Capitol as shown 
by the following cuts: 




In the Capitol section the waterways are 
reduced to a size which would be undesirable 
for steam. All the water of a steam system is 
that contained in the boiler, that which is held 
by the steam, and that which has been con¬ 
densed and is on its way back from the radia¬ 
tors to the.boiler. This is a very small quantity 
in comparison with the volume contained in a 
hot water apparatus, and it can easily be made 
too small for uniform operation. We have pro¬ 
vided against this by making all the waterways 
a little larger in the Hecla. 

60 




















































The water line in the Hecla is carried at about 
the middle of the heater. The middle water¬ 
way of the Capitol has not sufficient vertical 
depth to permit any fluctuation of the water line 
without bringing it into the vertical tubes, which 
would cause surging and an uneven action. In 
the Hecla we have therefore increased the depth 
of the horizontal waterway. 

In any kettle or boiler steam is formed, not at 
the surface of the water, but at the bottom where 
the heat is applied. As the globules of steam are 
formed they immediately rise to the surface. 
If they are obstructed, as by a flat surface above 
them, they lodge until a sufficient accumulation 
frees the mass, which then ascends in a body. 
This causes a surging of the water and an un¬ 
evenness in the action of the boiler which is 
objectionable. In the Hecla there are no flat 
surfaces above the water anywhere, and as steam 
will to some extent cling to vertical side walls 
of a boiler, we have sought to give the sides of 
our vertical waterways an inclination which 
enables the steam to quickly free itself, so that 
it can rise promptly to the surface of the water 
and pass into the steam chamber which com¬ 
prises the upper half of the heater. 

We have previously explained the circulation 
in the hot water heating system. While there 
is a certain similarity in the operation of the 
steam heating system, there is also a material 
difference. The water that has been condensed 
in the radiators comes in at the bottom of the 
boiler, and in the form of steam leaves it again 
at the top on its way to the radiators. 

In addition to this general movement of the 
water through the heater, corresponding to the 
circulation in a hot water system, there is in a 
steam boiler an independent circulation of the 
water within the heater. As the globules of 
steam arise they carry up with them to the sur¬ 
face of the water some particles of cool water. 

61 


As the steam is liberated this comparatively cool 
water is left at the surface. 
By the force of gravity it 
immediately seeks to de¬ 
scend again to the bottom 
of the boiler. In many 
boilers these particles of 
cool water have to force 
their way downward 
against the ascending cur¬ 
rent of steam. This causes 
eddies and counter-cur¬ 
rents, which produce an 
uneven action of the boiler. 

In the Hecla this is pro¬ 
vided against by increas¬ 
ing the outermost water¬ 
way and dividing it by a 
diaphragm which extends 
from a point close to the 
bottom connection where 
the water enters the sec¬ 
tion, up to a point just be¬ 
low the water line. In 
this extra waterway out¬ 
side of the diaphragm there 
is a constant downward 
current caused by the 
particles of cool water 
above described, which are 
carried along the surface to the outer and cooler 
waterway, where they return to the bottom of 
the heater without interfering with the uniform 
upward movement in all the other vertical water 
tubes. This keeps the water moving constantly 
and rapidly over the heating surfaces, which 
promotes the efficiency of the boiler. 

The steam chamber of the Hecla is made up 
of the upper halves of the sections, and the fact 
that the hot gases on their way to the smoke 
pipe pass among the pipes, insures thoroughly 



INTERIOR OF A HECLA SECTION, 


62 






















dry steam, so that water is not carried from 
the boiler into the pipes and radiators. 

In no other house-heating boiler can steam be 
so quickly raised and retained so long with the 
same consumption of fuel. No other maintains 
a water line of equal .steadiness. 

The Hecla is constructed on the safety-sec¬ 
tional plan, which prevents the possibility of any 
serious trouble in case an explosion should 
occur. If the safety valve should get out of 
order, or if any other accident should happen to 
the rest of the apparatus, so as to cause the 
boiler to burst, it would be merely a cracking of 
one section, which would be too small to cause 
even serious annoyance. 

The Hecla, like the Capitol, is easily handled 
and set up; easier to clean than any other heater 
possessing anything like the same economical 
arrangement of fire surface; can be repaired by 
replacing a single broken section without dis¬ 
turbing the rest of the boiler; a broken section 
can be cut off and the rest of the boiler used 
without it until it is convenient to put in a new 
section; its joints are all metal, easily made 
tight, and if necessary tightened when the boiler 
is in use without even opening a fire door; and 
its proportion of grate to fire surface is always 
the same and always just right. 

So much for the theoretical perfection of the 
Hecla. We did not, however, put it on the mar¬ 
ket without giving it a thorough test, and we have 
had it in use in different parts of the country 
during the past winter, which was exceptional in 
its violent changes of weather. Wherever used 
it has given the highest satisfaction, showing 
first-class efficiency and extraordinary economy. 

The Hecla is carefully made of the best 
materials and thoroughly tested and inspected 
before shipment. We absolutely guarantee it in 
respect to its capacity and to the perfection of 
its material and workmanship. 

63 






























































































































































































































































Flat building of Frank Deppe, 1163 N. Clark St, Chicago, Ill. 
Heated by the Hecla Steam Heater. 

1163 N. Clark St., Chicago, III., April 14, 1894. 
Gentlemen *. 

I have been using the Hecla Heater placed in my 
three story Flat Building last fall with entire satisfac¬ 
tion. It has never failed to keep the temperature to 
70 degrees, and above, the past winter. 

I am more than pleased with the Hecla, and take 
pleasure in recommending it to all that are interested 
in House Heating and the Comfort of a Home. 

Respectfully, 

FRANK DEPPE. 

PottsvillE, Pa., April 16, 1894. 

Gentlemen: 

The Hecla Heater takes up less than one-half the 
room my old heater took. I did not think it would 
make steam enough to heat the hou§e. I used five 
wheel-barrows of the best stove coal in the old heater. 
The little Hecla does it with two and keeps the steam 
better than the old coal-eater ever did. 

I am pleased with your Hecla Heater. 

JOHN J. TOOLE. 


65 





















Chicago, Ire., Jan. 12, 1894. 

The Hecla Steam 
Heater has given good 
satisfaction; kept the 
house throughout at 
summer temperature , 
even in the coldest 
weather , with less than 
two pounds pressure 
upon the steam gauge. 
Ordinarily scarcely any 
pressure required. 
Simple in idea, efficient 
and noiseless in action, 
easily looked after and 
cleaned, with a grate 
that is plaguey near 
perfect in that line, 


Residence of W. H. Pettee, 
Chicago, Ill. 

Heated by the Hecla Steam Heater. 


seems almost the Ideal 
Heater itself for 
houses. 

Respectfully, 

W. H. PETTEE. 


Jackson, Mich., Jan. 24, 1894. 

Dear Sirs : 

I am very much pleased with the Hecla Heater, and 
I think it will do all that is claimed for it. 

Yours truly, 

W. H. HAMILTON. 

Chicago, January 15, 1894. 

Dear Sir : 

In answer to the question whether I am satisfied 
with the Hecla Steam Heater, I will say that I am 
pleased with the same since I have covered all the 
pipes with asbestos and adopted the following rules. 

1st. Set the ball on the lever so that it closes ash 
pit door at one pound pressure, and so that it opens 
the check valve or door $4 or % inches. 

2d. Then clean the fire pot well of ashes and cin¬ 
ders and fill the pot with coal to the bottom of the fire 
pot door. 

3d. At about 10 o’clock at night detach the chain 
from the ash pit door and cover the well filled fire pot 
with coal siftings, shut the damper in the smoke pipe 
and the fire will keep until 7 or 8 o’clock in the morn¬ 
ing. Respectfully yours, 

JACOB SCHNABLE. 


66 


















Elmwood Avenue Police Station, Detroit, Mich. 
Heated by Hecla Steam Heater. 


Detroit, Mar. 8, 1894. 

The Hecla Steam Heater in the Elmwood Avenue 
Station is giving the best of satisfaction and we are 
well pleased with the results obtained. 

Yours very truly. 

metropolitan police commission, 

J. G. Hoffman, 

Secretary. 


Detroit, January 20, 1894. 

Gentlemen —I had one of your No. 3J4 Hecla Steam 
Heaters put in my 13-room house and must say that it 
is the best, cheapest and quickest I ever knew of in the 
way of heating apparatus. 

I can get steam in 15 minutes and ij£ tons coal will 
supply it for a month. I can highly recommend the 
Hecla Steam Heater from my experience in using it. 

Respectfully, 

CHARLES WERNER. 


67 






















68 


































































































































































cbe “jfour Ibunbreb” 
Capitol anb 'Ibecla. 


The 400 Capitol and Hecla heaters are made 
in extra large sizes for heavy duty. They cover 
the same general principles of construction em¬ 
braced in the smaller heaters. The intermediate 
section shows a slight modification which 
leaves openings between the sections imme¬ 
diately over the fire-pot instead ol having them 
fit snugly against each other. This simply re¬ 
duces the fire travel and the fine surface and 
converts the entire lower half of the section into 
direct surface exposed to the rays of heat from 
the fire. The flue surface and fire travel are 
again increased, however, by putting on a paneled 
cast iron outer casing, which makes a return flue. 
The gases pass downward from under the top 
header over the sides of the heater and then to 
a smoke opening at the rear. 

The back is a water section, but the front is a 
heavy plate casting, well lined where most ex¬ 
posed to the fife. 

The operation of these heaters is exactly the 
same as in the older construction. We have the 
vertical circulation, lateral draft, extensive fire 
surface and the same grate and ash-pit arrange¬ 
ment. 

The 400 series of heaters, both Capitol and 
Hecla, are in successful use in many large resi¬ 
dences and public buildings all over the country. 

69 




70 















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































XTbe ilftascot 
Dot Water Deater 


T HIS Heater is specially adapted for small 
heating plants, such as are demanded in 
small houses, flats, green houses, etc., and 
there is an ever-growing requirement for small 
heaters for furnishing hot water supply in the 
kitchens and laundries of hotels, hospitals and 
other institutions, and also for barber shops, 
baths, etc. 

The body of the Mascot is a single thimble¬ 
shaped casting, the top and sides of which are 
hollow, forming an unbroken waterway. This 
casting stands upon an ash pit and is connected 
at the top with a round, nearly flat, water section. 
The only openings in the body of the heater are 
the one opposite the fire-door, one for the return 
pipe at the back of the heater, and the 4-inch 
opening at the top where it is connected with the 
upper section or dome. Below the dome is a 
smoke space, enclosed by iron plates. In the 
front plate is the fire-door and at the sides are 
clean-out doors. The smoke-pipe collar is at the 
back. The corrugated walls of the fire-pot pre¬ 
sent a great extent of surface to the direct action 
of the radiant heat, while the draft after strik¬ 
ing the crown is deflected through the opening 
and passes up against and under the top dome 
and out through the smoke pipe. 

The ash-pit and grate are round, and where it 
is desired to set the heater on a floor it can be 
provided with cast iron bottom-plate and stove 
legs. 


71 


The heater is as simple as possible in every 
respect. It is easily handled, easily set up and 
easily cleaned. In setting it up there is only 
one joint to be made, and that is the right-hand 
nipple connecting the heater proper with the top 
dome. 

The circulation of the water in this heater is 
uniformly vertical, with no lateral water courses 
and no flat sections. 

The heater is shipped in parts and can easily 
be carried into any cellar. 

The grate has the perfect arrangement for 
shaking and dumping which has proved so suc¬ 
cessful and satisfactory in the Capitol and Hecla. 
The area of the grate is changed in each size, 
making the proportion of grate to fire surface 
uniform. 

Clinker doors provide means for keeping the 
grate properly cleaned, without trouble. 

This construction gives a very high degree of 
efficiency, combined with perfect combustion of 
fuel, and the Mascot is gotten up in handsome 
style, perfect in workmanship and material. 


The Mascot Steam Heater. 


I S the same as the Mascot for hot water, ex¬ 
cepting that in place of the shallow water 
section at the top a deep steam dome is 
used. In the accompanying cuts, the broken- 
out view is that of the steam heater, showing 
the water line and the steam chamber. The cut 
of the complete heater represents the Mascot for 
hot water. 


72 


























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































CAPACITY AND DIMENSIONS 


Capitol WATER Heater 

RATINGS ARE WITH UNCOVERED MAINS. 


SINGLE FIRE-POT SIZES. 


No. 

Square Feetof Radiation 
Heater will carry in 
Building besides 
Mains. 

Height in inches. 

Width in inches. 

Depth in inches. 

Regular Flow Connec¬ 
tions. 

(returns duplicate.) 

Diam. of Smoke Pipe. 

Inches. 

Size of Grate. 

Shipping Weight, 

Pounds. j 

301 

400 

63 

28 

22 


1 2-2 in. 

1 2-2^ 

8 

17x17 

1700 

302 

510 

63 

28 

26 



8 

17x21 

2000 

303 

635 

6.3 

28 

30 


0—0 1 n 

9 

17x25 

2250 

304 

765 

63 

28 

34 


1 o—i in 

9 

17x29 

2500 

3°5 

875 

63 

33 

30 


z, ^ 111. 

10 

22x25 

2400 

306 

1050 

63 

33 

34 

1 

[ 2-2 in. 

IQ 

22x29 

2600 

307 

1250 

63 

33 

3 « 

i 

2 - 2 % 

IO 

22x33 

2900 

308 

1425 

63 

33 

42 

1 

.2-3 in. 

IO 

22x37 

3100 


DOUBLE FIRE-POT SIZES. 


309 

1700 

74 

‘ 75 

26 

r w 

T 3 

Each Grate 

22x21 

5100 

310 

2000 

74 

75 

30 

13-2% 

13 

22x25 

5800 

3 ” 

2400 

74 

75 

34 

] 3-3 in. 

14 

22x29 

6500 

312 

2700 

•74 

75 

38 

H 

22x33 

7100 

313 

3000 

74 

75 

42 

1 

14 

22x37 

7700 


The “Four Hundred” Capitol. 


SINGLE FIRE-POT SIZES. 


405 

1600 

66 

40 

40 

f 

12 

26x30 

3200 

406 

1850 

66 

40 

45 

i 3-4 in. 

12 

26x35 

35 oo 

407 

2100 

66 

40 

50 

1 

12 

26x40 

3800 


DOUBLE FIRE-POT SIZES. 


409 

3400 

77 

102 

40 

f . 

15 

Each Grate. 

26x30 

7000 

410 

3900 

77 

102 

45 

-< 6-4 in. 

16 

26x35 

7600 

411 

4400 

77 

102 

50 

1 

17 

26x40 

8200 


This list is to be read in connection with explanation on page 75. 

74 


















































Explanation of Heater Price Lists, 


Ratings of Capitol and Mascot hot water heaters 
are with uncovered mains. With mains covered 
heaters will carry io to 15% more. Ratings of 
Hecla heaters and Mascot steam heaters are with cov¬ 
ered mains. When mains are not covered they should 
be figured as radiation. 

Our ratings are for boilers pretty centrally located 
with mains not exceeding 15 J 0 of the radiating 
surface in the building. If the mains exceed this 
proportion, or if the boiler is located at one end 
or corner of the building, a larger boiler should be 
used. Where the draft is not first-class or the flue 
lacks in capacity, a larger boiler will overcome the 
difficulty to some extent, but the best way is to 
change the flue. 

Our ratings are for direct radiation. When indirect 
is used, each foot should be counted as equal to a foot 
and a half of direct radiation in estimating size of 
boiler. For example, having a job requiring 1,000 feet 
of direct and 1 000 feet of indirect radiation, it would 
be necessary to figure the 1,000 feet of indirect as 1,500 
feet and a total boiler capacity of 2,500 feet would be 
required. 

We absolutely guarantee the rating of our heaters, 
provided the radiation in each case is ample for the 
requirements of the building, the work of erecting the 
apparatus properly done and the apparatus operated in 
accordance with our printed instructions. In the case 
of steam heaters the radiation must be sufficient to 
heat the building to the required temperature in the 
coldest weather, with not to exceed 2 lbs. indicated 
pressure at the boiler. This guaranty does not apply 
where only a portion of a building is to be heated. 

75 



Capitol Top Headers are tapped for altitude gauge 
and hot water thermometer. 

Double Fire-Pot Capitol Heaters are furnished with 
cast iron twin connections, but no valves. We will fur¬ 
nish iron body gate valves with drilled flanges for $35. 

Double Fire=Pot Hecla Heaters are furnished with 
iron body angle valves for flow and return connections, 
but the pipe and fittings for making the connections 
are not furnished. 

Single Fire-Pot Hecla Heaters have two steam out¬ 
lets and one return inlet. 

The Size of Smoke-Pipe needed is indicated in the 
tables. The smoke-pipe collars are io NN on all 300 
heaters, I2 VV on all 400 heaters, and 8 VV on all Mascots. 
Double fire-pot sizes have two collars. 

Capitol and Hecla Heaters can be set in brick-work 
if desired, but we think it hardly pays. We furnish 
with each heater, without extra charge, asbestos for 
covering it. 

Where the heater is used for supplying water for 
domestic purposes, and is connected with a water-works 
system of high pressure, the direct pressure upon the 
heater should be relieved by connecting it with a small 
tank having a ball cock. 

We guarantee that our heaters shall be in perfect order 
when delivered to the transportation company at point 
of shipment, and in case there is any defect of material 
or workmanship in any heater or part thereof furnished 
by us, we agree to promptly furnish a new heater or 
part thereof free of charge, and deliver it at the place 
where such defective heater or part may be, but we 
will not be responsible for any damage to goods in 
transit or from careless handling. 


76 


CAPACITY AND DIMENSIONS 

Hecla STEAM Heater 


RATINGS ARE WITH COVERED MAINS. 


SINGLE FIRE-POT SIZES. 


No. 

Square Feet of Radiation 
Heater will carry in 
Building besides 
Mains. 

Height in inches. 
Without Trimmings. 

Width in inches. 

Depth in inches. 

Height of Water Line. 
Inches. 

Steam Outlets. 
Inches. 

Return Inlets. 
Inches. 

Diam. of Smoke Pipe. 

Inches. 

Size of Grate. 

1 

Shipping Weight, 

Pounds. 

303% 

450 

63 

33 

26 

42 

2^ 

2 

9 

22 X 21 

2500 

305 

550 

63 

33 

30 

42 

2^ 

2 

10 

22x25 

2700 

3°6 

650 

63 

33 

34 

42 

3 

2^ 

10 

22x29 

2900 

307 

750 

63 

33 

38 

42 

3 

2V6 

10 

22x33 

3300 

3°8 

850 

63 

33 

42 

42 

3 

2% 

10 

22x37 

3600 


DOUBLE FIRE-POT SIZES. 


310 

1100 

63 

75 

30 

42 

3 , 

2ks 

13 

Each Grate 

22x25 

6200 

311 

1300 

63 

75 

34 

42 

3V2 


14 

22x29 

6900 

312 

1500 

63 

75 

38 

42 

4 

2 k 

14 

22x33 

7700 

313 

1700 

63 

75 

42 

42 

4 

2% 

14 

22x37 

8500 


The “Four Hundred” Hecla. 


SINGLE FIRE-POT SIZES. 


405 

1000 

66 

40 

40 

50 

4 

3 

12 

26x30 

3600 

406 

1150 

66 

40 

45 

50 

4 

3 

12 

26x35 

3900 

407 

1300 

66 

40 

50 

50 

4 

3 

12 

26x40 

4200 



DOUBLE FIRE- 

POT 

SIZES. 












Each Grate. 


409 

2100 

66 

102 

40 

50 

4 

2K 

15 

26x30 

7600 

410 

2400 

66 

102 

45 

50 

4 

2 l /£ 

l6 

26x35 

8200 

411 

2700 

66 

102 

50 

50 

4 

2^ 

17 

26x40 

8800 


This list is to be read in connection with explanation on page 75. 


77 



























































Capacity and Dimensions 


OF THE 

Mascot Hot Water Heater. 


Ratings are with Uncovered Mains. 


No. 

SQUARE FEET OF RADI¬ 
ATION HEATER WILL 
CARRY IN BUILDING 
BESIDES MAINS. 

OUTSIDE DIAMETER OF 

HEATER, INCHES. 

HEIGHT OF HEATER, 

INCHES. 

DIAMETER OF GRATE, 

INCHES. 

SIZE OF SMOKE PIPE, 

INCHES. 

w* 

C5 

W . 

W t n 

g Q 
<5 5 

5 2 

Oh 

CU 

M 

1 

oa 

15 

275 

| 

| 23 

47 

■5 

8 

700 

18 

375 

26 

47 

18 

8 

800 

21 

475 ' - 

I 29 

1 50 

21 

8 

900 


Mascot Steam Heater. 


Ratings are with Mains Covered. 


No. 

SQUARE FEET OF RADI¬ 
ATION HEATER WILL 
CARRY IN BUILDING 
BESIDES MAINS. 1 

OUTSIDE DIAMETER OF 

HEATER, INCHES. 

HEIGHT OF HEATER 

WITHOUT TRIMMINGS, 

INCHES. 

DIAMETER OF GRATE, 

INCHES. 

SIZE OF SMOKE PIPE, 

INCHES. 

SHIPPING WEIGHT, 

POUNDS. 

115 

175 

23 

53 

15 

8 

800 

118 

250 

26 

53 

18 

8 

900 

121 

.350 

29 

56 

21 

8 

IOOO 


These lists are to be read in connection with explanation 
on page 75. 


78 










































For Soft Coal. 

UR regular Capitol and Hecla Heaters are 



designed for use with hard coal. Many 


of them are in successful use with soft 
coal, but it is where the coal is of excellent 
quality, the draft exceptionally good, and other 
conditions favorable. We are making a special 
heater for soft coal which we think excels any¬ 
thing on the market. Cuts and description of 
it will be sent to anyone interested Our regu¬ 
lar heaters we do not guarantee or recommend 
except for first-class hard coal. 


For Wood. 


N O hot water heater ought to be used regu¬ 
larly with wood as a fuel. Wood smoke, 
when condensed on the cool heating sur¬ 
faces, covers them with a creosotic coating 
which is difficult to remove, except as it is burned 
away by hot fire. Wood is often used for a small 
fire to take the chill off the house, and in some 
cases is constantly used, but doubtless at the 
expense of efficiency, and makes extra labor in 
keeping the heater properly cleaned. 


Magazine Feed. 



K do not make a heater with magazine 


feed and do not intend doing so, as 
the magazine displaces so much valu¬ 


able heating surface as to seriously impair the 
efficiency of a heater. We have known of many 
cases where magazine-feed heaters are used as 
surface burners, the users having become dis¬ 
gusted with the magazine arrangement. For 
the best results the heater should have attention 
a certain number of times each day, when it is 
just as easy and a great deal better to throw on 
the proper amount of coal. Besides, coal in the 
magazine interferes with the proper cleaning of 
the fire. 


79 

























